The Effects of Heat Stroke & Heat Stress
By John Heniff, Safety Writer, Magid
Unless you’re Superman, you’re not tougher than the sun. Heat stroke happens when the body is overwhelmed and unable to regulate its core temperature due to overheating and loss of fluids and salts. High temperatures, bulky clothing, and a lack of heat acclimatization are just a few factors that can cause a worker to develop heat stroke. But your employees might not realize just how destructive heat stroke can be to their bodies or how simple strategies can help them save a life.
HEAT STROKE EFFECTS | WHAT YOU DON’T KNOW MIGHT JUST KILL YOU
Heat Stroke Can Permanently Damage Organs
When a worker’s body temperature rises to extreme levels, heat stroke can cause damage to the brain, heart, liver, and kidneys through hyperthermia or the disintegration of damaged muscle tissue. An increased body temperature can also cause some organs to swell and remain permanently injured. This could put your workers at serious risk for needing an organ transplant after suffering a heat stroke, whether or not they have any underlying medical conditions.
Your Heat Tolerance Can Be Compromised After A Heat Stroke
You may have a worker who thinks they’re a tough guy who can just “man up” in the heat. But they probably don’t realize that certain heat stroke survivors can’t handle the heat in the same way they did before. They may notice that once they begin working in the heat again, their temperature goes up faster, they don’t sweat as much to cool their system down, and they start having signs and symptoms at a much lower threshold than before.
You Can Still Suffer Heat Stroke Even On A Warm, Cloudly Day
When most of us think of the hottest days of the year, we think of clear blue skies with the sun glaring down. Your workers might not realize they can still become ill on overcast days with temperatures under 80 degrees Fahrenheit. The reason? Humidity can slow down or prevent sweat from evaporating so the body can’t cool itself normally. If your workers aren’t cooling off by taking regular breaks in the shade, drinking cool water, or wearing cooling PPE, built-up environmental heat stress can cause their internal temperature to rise to dangerous levels. An easy way to keep workers aware of risk factors is to institute a buddy system on your jobsite or in your facility. Pair-up workers so they can keep an eye on each other for any signs or symptoms of heat illness in addition to reminding each other to hydrate and stay cool throughout the day.
You Can Suffer From Heat Stroke Without Immediately Recognizing It
Symptoms of heat stroke can include:
- Headaches
- Muscle Cramps
- Confusion
- Weakness
- Dizziness
- Saturated/Sweating/Flushed Skin
- Strong & Rapid Pulse
- Rapid Breathing
- Staggering
- Irrational Behavior
- Physical Collapse
- Seizures
- Unconsciousness
Even if your workers think it’s no big deal if their skin is saturated in sweat or they’re starting to get a headache, they can be putting themselves in danger if they continue to work at an exhaustive pace in the heat. An easy way to keep workers aware of any risk factors is to institute a buddy system on your jobsite or in your facility. Pair-up workers so they can keep an eye on each other for symptoms in addition to reminding each other to hydrate and stay cool throughout the day.
Hydration Alone Does Not Prevent Heat Stroke
Much like cloudy days that aren’t very hot, workers can still experience heat stroke even if they’re hydrating. If your workers are over-exerting themselves on the job, hyperthermia can set in and put them at severe risk since their bodies aren’t dispelling heat as fast as they’re accumulating it. Add in workdays where environmental conditions are intense, and you have a recipe for disaster. This is why utilizing as many cooling methods as possible is crucial to keep workers safe in the heat.
Use the Principle of "Cool First, Transport Second" to Treat Heat Stroke
Teach your workers that if they suspect someone is suffering from heat stroke, the first thing to do is to contact Emergency Medical Services (EMS) to get the sufferer to proper medical professionals. In the meantime, they need to cool the affected worker immediately! The best practice for this is through cold water immersion, which is the process of placing a heat stroke sufferer in a large tub where cool water and ice are constantly added to bring down their internal temperature. Continue immersion as you wait for EMS to arrive. Be sure to check the sufferer after about 15-20 minutes for any signs of hypothermia in case you have accidentally misdiagnosed heat stroke.
Making sure heat stroke sufferers are being constantly cooled before medical personnel arrive is paramount for treating exertional heat stroke, so you may have to improvise. If a tub is not immediately available, your workers can use a tarp as a makeshift tub. Have them put the worker in the center of the tarp, lift the sides to make a kind of sling, add cold water and ice, and immerse them as well as you can while you wait for EMTs. The bottom-line is your workers need to find the most efficient way to cool down the sufferer to a core body temperature of approximately 102 degrees Fahrenheit.
You Generally Have Only 30 Minutes to Prevent Long-Term Damage
Time is of the essence! Plan ahead so your workers are prepared and outfitted to provide the immediate cooling that’s crucial to prevent long-term complications from heat stroke. If a worker can be cooled to approximately 102 degrees Fahrenheit and serviced by medical professionals within 30 minutes of initial collapse, their chances of survival without health complications are significantly improved. However, if treatment doesn’t occur until 30 minutes after a worker shows symptoms of heat stroke, their chances of developing long-term complications increase. Permanent complications and death become more and more likely if cooling is delayed well beyond 30 minutes. This makes administering first aid incredibly important to prevent serious and deadly health complications.
BEYOND HEAT STROKE – OTHER WAYS HEAT STRESS IMPACTS SAFETY
While heat stroke is the highest state of heat illness emergency, even lower levels of heat stress can increase accidents, absenteeism, and other ER visits.
Heat Stress Makes It Hard to Think
When you’re out in the heat, your body has to use more energy and work harder to maintain a normal body temperature. According to a study in Scientific American, when this happens, our brains tend to make more straightforward and simple choices (even if they lead to worse results). Additionally, the heat also disrupts our thought process when making complex decisions.
Similar results were found when comparing students taking tests. Students who lived in a building without air-conditioning were observed to have a 13% longer reaction time compared to students taking the same tests who lived in a building with air-conditioning. The cooler students also gave more correct responses than the warmer ones.
Different studies report that warmer weather can decrease standardized test scores, increase the risk of judgment errors, and reduce performance on exams by around 11 percent when compared to exams taken on days with mild temperatures. And while these studies dealt mostly with students, the findings are relevant to workers on a hot jobsite trying to make decisions and remember safety protocols.
Heat Illness Can Send Workers with Pre-Existing Conditions To The ER
Workers living with medical issues as common as high blood pressure or allergies may be at greater risk for problems in the heat. A recent study also found that people with mood and anxiety disorders or substance abuse had increased visits to the emergency room when they were exposed to short-term extreme heat. The cause of this can vary from certain conditions or medications weakening the body’s ability to regulate hydration and body temperature, to workers being so exhausted that their bodies aren’t able to withstand the intense heat.
Heat Stress + Poor Sleep = Accidents
Projections indicate warmer nighttime temperatures will continue to increase, making it even more important to rest and recharge. If the room a worker is sleeping in is humid and uncomfortable, they’re less likely to get a full night’s rest. Without that deep sleep, they’ll feel tired, work at a slower pace, take more breaks, make more mistakes, and be at greater risk of suffering an injury. If you know your workers are going home to hot sleeping conditions, consider sending them home with cooling gear to help them sleep and perhaps reduce accidents.
Heat Illness Increases Accidents & Injuries
A UCLA study observed that more jobsite injuries and accidents occur on hot days, even if heat didn’t play a direct factor. Workers were between 6-9 percent more likely to injure themselves or suffer an accident if the temperature was above 90⁰ Fahrenheit and 10-15 percent more likely when the temperature was over 100⁰ Fahrenheit.
Heat Stress Causes Higher Absenteeism
Garment sewers said they were more likely to remain at home on a hot day after a six-day stretch of temperatures over 95⁰ Fahrenheit, in one survey. Similar answers were recorded from steel product makers on highly mechanized shop floors. If geographical trends continue with more areas getting warmer and more difficult to work in, we can expect absenteeism to increase and spread to other industries.
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